Table 1 Classification of Refusals Based on Beebe, Takahashi & Uliss-Weltz (1990)¹

Strategy	Semantic Formula
Direct	Direct Refusal
Indirect	Regret (Apology in Kwon 2004, Allami & Naeimi 2011)
	Explanation (Excuse, Reason in others)
	Alternative
	Set Conditions for Future or Past Acceptance
	Future Acceptance
	Avoidance	Postponement
		Hedge (Hesitation in Kwon 2004, Allami & Naeimi 2011)
Adjunct	Statement of Positive Opinion (Positive Feeling in Lyuh 1992, Consideration of Feelings in Guo 2012)
	Pause Fillers
	Gratitude
	Address Forms